{"slug": "arabs", "label": "Arabs", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35323", "qid": "Q35323", "description": "Arabic-speaking ethnic and national groups, originally from the Arabian Peninsula", "entries": 43, "years": 42, "span": [-676, 1985], "span_label": ["677 BCE", "1985 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 26}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Arab", "Arab people", "Sunni Arab"], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "north-africa", "label": "North Africa", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "muslims", "label": "Muslims", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "mu-awiya-i", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-navy", "label": "Byzantine navy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "libya", "label": "Libya", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantine-iv", "label": "Constantine IV", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "saracen", "label": "Saracen", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -676, "year_label": "677 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes and advances as far as the Brook of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510276#Events", "title": "677 BC", "revid": 1370510276, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon forms a secret alliance with Arabs, Aramaeans, Elamites, Persians, and Egyptians against his half brother Ashurbanipal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Assyria", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Assyria"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ridda Wars: Abu Bakr, caliph (khalifa) of the Rashidun Caliphate, launches a military campaign against the Arab tribe of Kinda, which inhabits the region of Najran (Yemen).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Nahāvand: The Rashidun army (30,000 men) under Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians at Nahāvand (modern Iran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. The Arabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and destroy the Persians in a narrow mountain valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Persia", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab armies continue their military expansion into North Africa and lay siege to Tripoli. The city is captured after one month.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Africa", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 645, "year_label": "645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor of Egypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building a Muslim fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973672#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "645", "revid": 1347973672, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 651, "year_label": "651 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Yazdegerd III of Persia is murdered in a miller's hut near Merv by his followers, ending both Persian resistance to Arab conquest, and the Sassanid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804418#Persia", "title": "651", "revid": 1340804418, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II voluntarily surrenders Armenia to the Arabs, following a truce with Muawiyah, governor of Syria. Muawiyah grants the Armenians virtual autonomy, and appoints the nakharar Theodor Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: An Arab army (40,000 men) advances through the desert, and captures the Byzantine city of Barca (Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Arabian_Empire", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab forces conquer the Garamantes in the Sahara desert (Libya).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Arabian_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 678, "year_label": "678 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Constantinople: Emperor Constantine IV confronts the Arab besiegers in a head-on engagement. The Byzantine fleet, equipped with Greek fire, destroys the Muslim fleet at Sillyon, ending the Arab threat to Europe, and forcing Yazid (a son of caliph Muawiyah I) to lift the siege on land and sea. The victory also frees up forces that are sent to raise the two-year siege of Thessalonica by the local Slavic tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352010309#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "678", "revid": 1352010309, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 679, "year_label": "679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine IV signs a peace treaty, of a nominal 30-year duration, with Caliph Mu'awiya I of the Umayyad Caliphate. Constantine pays an annual tribute of 3,000 (nomismata) pounds of gold, 50 horses and 50 slaves. The Arab garrisons are withdrawn from their bases on the Byzantine coastlands, including Crete & Cyzicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204947#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 679", "revid": 1349204947, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 687, "year_label": "687 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian II negotiates a peace treaty with the Umayyad Caliphate (resulting in caliph Abd al-Malik paying tribute). He removes 12,000 Christian Maronites, who continually resist the Arabs, from Lebanon. Justinian reinforces the Byzantine navy on Cyprus, and transfers cavalry troops from the Thracesian Theme in Anatolia to the Theme of Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806293#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "687", "revid": 1340806293, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Umayyad prince Muhammad ibn Marwan invades the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates; local commander Baanes surrenders before a large Arab army, and the population accepts a Muslim governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Arabian_Empire", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Arab forces gain power in Central Asia, as Qutayba ibn Muslim becomes governor of Khorasan. The region has grown rich from trade with China and Eastern Europe, its merchants dealing in silk, furs, amber, honey, and walrus ivory. During his rule, Qutayba subjugates the mercantile cities of Bukhara and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), as well as the Oxus delta area of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After two years of failed efforts, Qutayba ibn Muslim captures Bukhara (Uzbekistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. The Hephthalite princes of Tokharistan rebel against the Arabs, but are swiftly subdued by Qutayba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Arabian_Empire", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An Arab army is invited into Ceuta by its governor, Julian, who is an opponent of Roderick. He encourages them to invade the Iberian Peninsula. Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of Tangier (Morocco), and establishes a Moorish garrison of 1,700 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he meets stiff resistance after 3-months of siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Arabian_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 713, "year_label": "713 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: The Umayyad Arabs under al-Abbas ibn al-Walid, son of caliph al-Walid I, sack Antioch in Pisidia (modern Turkey), which never recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807131#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "713", "revid": 1340807131, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, in southern France): Governor Al-Samh takes or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Europe", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptians wage the Bashmurian revolts against the foreign Arab rulers. Egyptians establish a semi-independent region in the Nile Delta with Bashmur as the capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Egypt", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Africa", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Europe", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Emperor Leo III (\"the Isaurian\") dies of dropsy at Constantinople, after a 24-year reign that has saved the Byzantine Empire and delivered Eastern Europe from the threat of an Arab conquest. He is succeeded by his son Constantine V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 743, "year_label": "743 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 19-year reign, in which the Arab expansion in Europe has been stopped and the Umayyad Caliphate has come under pressure from the Turks in Central Asia and Berbers in North Africa. He is succeeded by his nephew Al-Walid II, who has Khalid al-Qasri, former governor of Iraq, imprisoned and tortured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906425#Arabian_Empire", "title": "743", "revid": 1364906425, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Patras: Local Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese lay siege to the city of Patras (modern Greece), with aid from an Arab fleet. A Byzantine relief army under Skleros, military governor (strategos) from Corinth, is sent and retakes the city. The captured Slavs in Patras are made slaves, and a church is dedicated to St. Andrew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 818, "year_label": "818 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Andalus: A grave rebellion breaks out in the suburbs of Cordoba, against the Emirate of Córdoba. Andalucian Arab refugees arrive in Fez (modern Morocco).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941123#Europe", "title": "818", "revid": 1340941123, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 827, "year_label": "827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Euphemius, exiled Byzantine admiral, asks for the help of North African Arabs, to retake Sicily and Malta from the Byzantines. Emir Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya promises to return the islands to Euphemius, in exchange for a yearly tribute, and sends an Arab Muslim expeditionary force of 10,000 men under the 70-year-old Asad ibn al-Furat, which lands at Mazara del Vallo in Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941309#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "827", "revid": 1340941309, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Venice sends a fleet of 60 galleys (each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but the attack fails. Muslim troops conquer the city of Brindisi (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – After his successful campaign against the Saracens, Louis II is crowned as Roman Emperor (\"Emperor of the Franks\") for the second time and converts the Muwalladun, and the Arab elite.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Europe", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid governor of Tarsus, routs a Byzantine army under general Kesta Styppiotes, in a night attack. According to Arab chroniclers, 70,000 out of 100,000 Byzantine troops are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Arabian_Empire", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 884, "year_label": "884 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fall – The Arabs sack the abbey of Monte Cassino in two raids (September and November). The bulk of the monastic community flee to Teano (Campania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654158#Arabian_Empire", "title": "884", "revid": 1366654158, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Ibrahim II, Aghlabid emir of Ifriqiya, sends a large army to Palermo, to impose Arab authority from Kairouan. After an uprising, the Sicilians make a bid for independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Arabian_Empire", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Atenulf I, Lombard prince of Capua, conquers the Duchy of Benevento. He deposes Duke Radelchis II and unites the two southern Lombard duchies in Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy). The Byzantines offer a strategic alliance to Atenulf who directs a campaign against the Saracens. They establish themselves on the banks of the Garigliano River. From here, Arab warbands launch frequent raids in Campania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Slavic-Arab leader Sabir defeats a small Byzantine fleet and seizes Termoli (in Molise, on the Adriatic coast). He returns to Africa laden with booty and slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 941, "year_label": "941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – September – Rus'–Byzantine War: The Rus' and their allies, the Pechenegs, under the Varangian prince Igor I of Kiev, cross the Black Sea with an invasion fleet of 1,000 ships (40,000 men) and disembark on the northern coast of Asia Minor. While the Byzantine fleet is engaged against the Arabs in the Mediterranean, the Rus' forces reach the gates of Constantinople. Emperor Romanos I organizes the defense of the capital and assembles 15 old ships (equipped with throwers of Greek fire) under the chamberlain (protovestiarios) Theophanes. The Byzantines repel the Rus' fleet (nearly annihilating the entire fleet) but can not prevent the invaders from pillaging the hinterland of Constantinople, venturing as far south as Nicomedia (modern-day İzmit). In September, John Kourkouas and Bardas Phokas (\"the Elder\"), two leading generals, destroy the Rus' forces in Thrace. Igor manages, with only a handful of boats, to escape to the Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512041#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "941", "revid": 1341512041, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "957 Caspian Sea earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Sea and its vicinity. The earthquake is mentioned by several Arab and Syriac chronicle writers, who claimed that it mainly affected the region of Persian Iraq. The initial shocks lasted 40 days, but ceased for a while. The main earthquake then occurred, damaging the cities of Ray, Talikan, and Hulwan. A reported number of 150 villages were supposedly destroyed by the earthquake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#Caspian_Sea", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Events › By place › Caspian Sea"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July: Melias moves against Amida (modern Turkey). He defeats the Arabs outside the walls, and begins to lay siege to the city. After a few days, a violent wind and a thick dust spreads over the Byzantine camp. Covered by the dust, the Arabs attack and rout the Byzantines. Many of them are slaughtered and some, including Melias, are taken prisoner. Previous Byzantine gains in the area are lost. The wounded Melias dies later in captivity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1052, "year_label": "1052 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Haydaran: The Zirid dynasty is defeated by the invading Bedouin Arab tribes of the Banu Hilal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350127696#Africa", "title": "1052", "revid": 1350127696, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – First meeting between the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann and the son of the Sharif of Mecca Hashemite Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, which takes place in Faisal's headquarters in Aqaba in an attempt to establish favourable relations between Arabs and Jews in the Middle East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364241730#June", "title": "1918 in British-administered Palestine", "revid": 1364241730, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab–Israeli peace settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#November", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#November", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – STS-51-G: Space Shuttle Discovery completes its mission, best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a payload specialist.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#June", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › June"}}]}