{"slug": "antarctica", "label": "Antarctica", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51", "qid": "Q51", "description": "terrestrial continent in the Southern Hemisphere", "entries": 31, "years": 23, "span": [-2806, 2019], "span_label": ["2807 BCE", "2019 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 18}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 7}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": [], "related": [{"slug": "royal-navy", "label": "Royal Navy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "cold-war", "label": "Cold War", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "south-africa", "label": "South Africa", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "africa", "label": "Africa", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ernest-shackleton", "label": "Ernest Shackleton", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "south-pole", "label": "South Pole", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roald-amundsen", "label": "Roald Amundsen", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -2806, "year_label": "2807 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "2807 BC: Suggested date for an asteroid or comet impact occurring between Africa and Antarctica, around the time of a lunar eclipse on May 10, based on an analysis of flood stories. Possibly causing the Burckle crater and Fenambosy Chevron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895849#Events", "title": "29th century BC", "revid": 1371895849, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – A partial solar eclipse, Solar Saros 146, is visible in Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#January–March", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Annular solar eclipse is visible from a region of the Southern Ocean between South Africa and Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#April–June", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 28", "text": "28 January – German-Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the continent of Antarctica during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345131979#Events", "title": "1820 in Germany", "revid": 1345131979, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield, an Irishman, becomes the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#January–March", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 30", "text": "30 January – Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield in the Williams is the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342488427#Events", "title": "1820 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1342488427, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1821, "year_label": "1821 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Alexander Island, the largest in Antarctica, is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366198623#January–March", "title": "1821", "revid": 1366198623, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 20", "text": "20 February – Explorer James Weddell's expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74°15' S and longitude 34°16'45\" W, further south than any ship has reached previously.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360332864#Events", "title": "1823 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1360332864, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1823, "year_label": "1823 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Sailor Benjamin Morrell erroneously reports the existence of the island of New South Greenland near Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361959841#January–March", "title": "1823", "revid": 1361959841, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – American explorer Benjamin Morrell departs Antarctica after a voyage later plagued by claims of fraud.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359333471#January–March", "title": "1824", "revid": 1359333471, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – Captain Charles Wilkes circumnavigates Antarctica, claiming what becomes known as Wilkes Land for the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369649426#Events", "title": "1840 in the United States", "revid": 1369649426, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 20", "text": "20 January - Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land, Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359703126#Events", "title": "1840 in France", "revid": 1359703126, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1841, "year_label": "1841 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 27", "text": "27 January – The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373054423#Events", "title": "1841 in the United Kingdom", "revid": 1373054423, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The research vessel SS Southern Cross, on an Antarctic expedition led by Carsten Borchgrevink, arrives at Cape Adare and begins unloading 90 sledge dogs – the first ever on the continent – and two Norwegian Sámi crewmen, who become the first humans to spend the night in Antarctica. Over the next 12 days, the rest of the 31-man crew builds a temporary settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#February", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Duke of York Island, off Antarctica, is discovered by the Southern Cross Expedition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#July", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1904, "year_label": "1904 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Led by William Speirs Bruce, the Antarctic region of Coats Land is discovered from the Scotia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373337754#March", "title": "1904", "revid": 1373337754, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 10", "text": "10 March – Australians Douglas Mawson and Edgeworth David accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and others are the first people to scale Mount Erebus in Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323151166#Events", "title": "1908 in Australia", "revid": 1323151166, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 2", "text": "2 December – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition, led by Douglas Mawson, leaves Hobart to begin an expedition to Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307539360#Events", "title": "1911 in Australia", "revid": 1307539360, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Frank Hurley's actuality film, The Home of the Blizzard, about the Douglas Mawson expedition to Antarctica, was released.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362096803#Film", "title": "1913 in Australia", "revid": 1362096803, "section": "Film"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition begins its attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#December", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – Roald Amundsen, polar explorer, led the first Antarctic expedition to reach the South Pole (born 1872)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344938020#Notable_deaths", "title": "1928 in Norway", "revid": 1344938020, "section": "Notable deaths"}}, {"year": 1928, "year_label": "1928 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 20", "text": "20 December – Hubert Wilkins makes the first flight over Antarctica in his Lockheed Vega San Francisco", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366651427#Events", "title": "1928 in Australia", "revid": 1366651427, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 14", "text": "14 January – Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354381413#Events", "title": "1938 in Norway", "revid": 1354381413, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#January", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 20", "text": "20 January: Scott Base, New Zealand's main presence in Antarctica, is established by Sir Edmund Hillary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309274693#Events", "title": "1957 in New Zealand", "revid": 1309274693, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November", "text": "November – The 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition arrives in Antarctica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351675164#November", "title": "1957 in the Soviet Union", "revid": 1351675164, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Soviet polar pilot V. M. Perov on Li-2 rescues four Belgian polar explorers, led by Gaston de Gerlache, who have survived a plane crash in Antarctica 250 km from their base five days earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#December", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Cold War: Antarctic Treaty – 12 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign a landmark treaty that sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on the continent (the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#December", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 10", "text": "10 April: Argentina's only icebreaker, ARA Almirante Irízar, catches fire while returning from her summer Antarctic campaign, 140 miles off Puerto Madryn. The ship is then towed to Puerto Belgrano, arriving on 20 April.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369037212#April", "title": "2007 in Argentina", "revid": 1369037212, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9: Ice loss from Antarctica and Greenland has accelerated over the past 20 years, according to new research, and will soon become the biggest driver of sea level rise.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364026596#Events", "title": "2011 in Greenland", "revid": 1364026596, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – 2019 Chilean Air Force C-130 crash: A Chilean military transport aircraft crashes while en route to Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva in Antarctica, killing all 38 people on board. The crash site is located on December 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#December", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › December"}}]}