{"slug": "angola", "label": "Angola", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916", "qid": "Q916", "description": "country on the west coast of Southern Africa", "entries": 36, "years": 31, "span": [1491, 2023], "span_label": ["1491 CE", "2023 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Republic of Angola"], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-kongo", "label": "Kingdom of Kongo", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "luanda", "label": "Luanda", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "brazil", "label": "Brazil", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "europe", "label": "Europe", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "european-union", "label": "European Union", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "boeing-737", "label": "Boeing 737", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philip-iii-of-spain", "label": "Philip III of Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "south-africa", "label": "South Africa", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "namibia", "label": "Namibia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "zambia", "label": "Zambia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "democratic-republic-of-the-congo", "label": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – King João I of Kongo, who had recently converted to Christianity, completes the construction of the first Christian church in sub-Saharan Africa, the Cathedral of the Holy Saviour of Congo (Kulumbimbi), in what is now the city of M'banza-Kongo in Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#July–September", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1567, "year_label": "1567 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in what becomes the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the northern portion of Angola. Henrique succeeds his nephew, Bernardo I of Kongo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362147494#April–June", "title": "1567", "revid": 1362147494, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1576, "year_label": "1576 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founds the settlement of São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda on the southwestern coast of Africa, modern Luanda, capital of Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362635528#January–March", "title": "1576", "revid": 1362635528, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Physician Aleixo de Abreu is granted a pension of 16,000 reis, for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil, by Philip III of Spain, who also appoints him physician of his chamber.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Garcia Mvemba a Nkanga is enthroned as King Garcia I of the southern African nation of Kongo (now in Angola), upon the death of his father, King Pedro II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#April–June", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1626, "year_label": "1626 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga becomes the new monarch of Kongo (in what is now Angola) after the overthrow of Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga, restoring the Kwilu dynasty to power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367580131#January–March", "title": "1626", "revid": 1367580131, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1631, "year_label": "1631 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (in what is now Angola) dies after a reign of five years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356869091#January–March", "title": "1631", "revid": 1356869091, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba is installed as King Alvaro VI of Kongo, in the area now occupied by the African nation of Angola, and rules until his death on February 22, 1641.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#January–March", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance at The Hague. The treaty is not respected by both parties, and as a consequence has no effect in the Portuguese colonies (Brazil and Angola) that are under Dutch rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#July–September", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Queen Ana Nzinga of the Kingdom of Ndongo and the Kingdom of Matamba, both located in the northern part of what is now the Republic of Angola in Africa, dies after a 39-year reign in Ndongo and 32 years after conquering Matamba. She is succeeded by her sister, Barbara Mukambu Mbandi, who rules for less than three years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#October–December", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – The Battle of Kitombo takes place in southwest Africa in Angola, when colonial soldiers of the Army of Portugal invade Soyo, an independent BaKongo kingdom, with the intent of annexing it to Portuguese West Africa. The 400 Portuguese troops, led by João Soares de Almeida, encounter a stiff resistance. Soyo's Estevao da Silva, whose army has the benefit of weapons supplied by the Dutch Republic, is joined in battle by troops from the neighboring Kingdom of Ngoyo on the other side of the Congo River. General Soares de Almeida is killed, and most of his troops die or are captured; Soyo's General da Silva is killed in the process of winning the battle. Because of the defeat, Portugal makes no further attempt to conquer Soyo or Ngoyo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#October–December", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Manuel II (Mpanzu a Nimi) becomes the new monarch of the Kingdom of Kongo (located in western Africa in modern-day Angola) when King Pedro IV (Nusamu a Mvemba) dies after a reign of 22 years. Manuel reigns until 1743.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#January_–_March", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "18,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#Date_unknown", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1874, "year_label": "1874 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – The first group of Dorsland Trekkers, a series of expeditions by Trekboere in search of political independence and better farming conditions, departs South Africa to settle in Angola, led by Gert Alberts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371979117#May", "title": "1874", "revid": 1371979117, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1874, "year_label": "1874 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – The first group of Dorsland Trekkers departs from Pretoria to settle in Angola, led by Gert Alberts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318277858", "title": "1874 in South Africa", "revid": 1318277858, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 12", "text": "12 May - Angola is incorporated as a colony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1266147789#Events", "title": "1886 in Portugal", "revid": 1266147789, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The Portuguese Colonial War begins in Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#February", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – The Union of Peoples of Angola, led by Holden Roberto, attacks strategic locations in the north of Angola. These events result in the beginning of the colonial war with Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#March", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Alvor Agreement: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to Angola on November 11.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#January", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Angola becomes independent from Portugal and civil war erupts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#November", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – The South African Defence Force withdraws from Angola and concludes Operation Savannah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#March", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Four mercenaries, three British and one American, are shot by firing squad in Angola, following the Luanda Trial.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#July", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – South African Border War: The Battle of Cassinga occurs in southern Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#May", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – South African troops attack SWAPO bases in Xangongo and Ongiva, Angola, during Operation Protea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#August", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – South Africa announces \"all outstanding issues\" preventing independence for South West Africa (present-day Namibia) have been resolved, except for the continuing presence of 23,000 Cuban troops in neighboring Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#August", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – 1985 Aeroflot Antonov An-12 shoot-down: A Soviet Aeroflot Antonov An-12 cargo airplane, en route from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda, is shot down by South African Special Forces and crashes approximately 43 km east of Menongue, the provincial center of the Cuando Cubango Province, Angola, killing 8 crew members and 13 passengers on board.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#November", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Angolan Civil War: The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale begins in Angola and further intensifies the South African Border War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#August", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#April", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#November", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1998, "year_label": "1998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 - Congolese leader, Denis Sassou Nguesso, visits Angola for the second time since he overthrew the former president with the help of Angolan troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1244276837#May", "title": "1998 in the Republic of the Congo", "revid": 1244276837, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1999, "year_label": "1999 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – One of four bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, which destroys the Angolan Embassy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369767946#March", "title": "1999", "revid": 1369767946, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – UNITA guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in clashes against government troops led by Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos in Moxico Province, Angola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#February", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28: A TAAG-Angola Airlines Boeing 737 crashes in northern Angola resulting in the death of at least five passengers on the same day the European Union bans the airline from European airspace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1240604484#June", "title": "2007 in Angola", "revid": 1240604484, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – The Togo national football team is attacked in Cabinda Province, Angola, and as a result withdraws from the Africa Cup of Nations. The attack was perpetrated by the FLEC, their first since the Angolan Civil War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#January", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Kivu conflict: Angola announces the deployment of troops to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, following the failure of a ceasefire between government forces and M23 rebels in North Kivu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372811827#March", "title": "2023", "revid": 1372811827, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2023, "year_label": "2023 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – The Southern African Development Community (SADC) leaders meet in Luanda, Angola, to discuss their military mission in the Cabo Delgado region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309321163#August", "title": "2023 in Mozambique", "revid": 1309321163, "section": "Events › August"}}]}