{"slug": "american-indian-wars", "label": "American Indian Wars", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Wars", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849680", "qid": "Q849680", "description": "frontier conflicts between American, Canadian and European settlers and Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "entries": 33, "years": 16, "span": [1622, 1924], "span_label": ["1622 CE", "1924 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 30}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Indian Wars"], "related": [{"slug": "cheyenne", "label": "Cheyenne", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "sioux", "label": "Sioux", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "united-states-army", "label": "United States Army", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "montana", "label": "Montana", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "arizona", "label": "Arizona", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "minnesota", "label": "Minnesota", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "washington-d-c", "label": "Washington, D.C.", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "canada", "label": "Canada", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "colorado", "label": "Colorado", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jamestown", "label": "Jamestown", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "algonquian-peoples", "label": "Algonquian peoples", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nebraska", "label": "Nebraska", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (one third of the colony's population), and burn the Henricus settlement. This begins the American Indian Wars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#January–May", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › January–May"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – American Indian Wars: United States general William J. Worth declares the Second Seminole War to be over.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#July–September", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers, and are sentenced to hang.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#November", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – American Indian Wars – Bear River Massacre: The United States Army, led by General Patrick Edward Connor, massacres Chief Bear Hunter and forces of the Shoshone, in the Idaho Territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#January", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – American Indian Wars: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including Chief Pocatello (of the Shoshone) sign the Box Elder Treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#July", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – American Indian Wars: Sand Creek massacre – Colorado volunteers, led by Colonel John Chivington, massacre at least 400 Cheyenne and Arapaho noncombatants at Sand Creek, Colorado (where they had been given permission to camp); many of the dead are subsequently mutilated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#November", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363668193#November", "title": "1868", "revid": 1363668193, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1868, "year_label": "1868 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373773285#October–December", "title": "1868 in the United States", "revid": 1373773285, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1872, "year_label": "1872 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371307490#November", "title": "1872", "revid": 1371307490, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1872, "year_label": "1872 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373773863#Events", "title": "1872 in the United States", "revid": 1373773863, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat the United States Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#January", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Indian Wars: The first Battle of the Stronghold is fought during the Modoc War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369651379#January–March", "title": "1873 in the United States", "revid": 1369651379, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 15", "text": "April 15–17 – American Indian Wars: The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#April", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – American Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash (Captain Jack).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#June", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash (\"Captain Jack\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369651379#April–June", "title": "1873 in the United States", "revid": 1369651379, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1873, "year_label": "1873 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – American Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370305657#August", "title": "1873", "revid": 1370305657, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – American Indian Wars: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E.C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse are hostile to the United States (the Battle of the Little Bighorn is fought in Montana the next year).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#November", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – Indian Wars: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E. C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse are hostile to the United States (the Battle of the Little Bighorn is fought in Montana the next year).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353220564#Events", "title": "1875 in the United States", "revid": 1353220564, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne, led by Crazy Horse, beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#June", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud – 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363110094#April–June", "title": "1876 in the United States", "revid": 1363110094, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25/26 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 2,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#June", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – American Indian Wars: Dull Knife Fight – In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (Montana). The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#November", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Indian Wars: In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River. The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363110094#October–December", "title": "1876 in the United States", "revid": 1363110094, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – Indian Wars: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel Nelson Miles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340164313#April–June", "title": "1877 in the United States", "revid": 1340164313, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon – The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#June", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 9", "text": "August 9 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole – Near Big Hole River, Montana, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#August", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1877, "year_label": "1877 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370239819#September", "title": "1877", "revid": 1370239819, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1881, "year_label": "1881 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – American Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369747876#July", "title": "1881", "revid": 1369747876, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – American Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders, with his last band of warriors, to General Nelson Miles, at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679431#September", "title": "1886", "revid": 1372679431, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his last band of warriors to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679856#Events", "title": "1886 in the United States", "revid": 1372679856, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 29", "text": "December 29 – Wounded Knee Massacre: At Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a Lakota camp, the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment tries to disperse the non-violent \"Ghost-Dance\" which was promised to usher in a new era of power and freedom to Native Americans but is feared as a potential rallying tool for violent rebellion by some in the U.S. government. Shooting begins, and 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 troops are killed; about 150 flee the scene. This is the last tribe to be defeated and confined to a reservation as well as the beginning of the decline of both the American Indian Wars and the American frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#December", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – At the Battle of Sugar Point in the Indian Wars, some Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians (a group of Ojibwe, referred to at the time as Chippewa) warriors, led by Bugonaygeshig, defeat U.S. Army infantry troops in northern Minnesota, with seven U.S. troops killed and 19 wounded. Bugonayegeshig, whom the American soldiers were sent to capture, escapes and is never apprehended.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#October", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1924, "year_label": "1924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – In the United States, the final raid of the Renegade period of the Apache Wars takes place, bringing the American Indian Wars to a close, after 315 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372136634#Date_unknown", "title": "1924", "revid": 1372136634, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}