Directory

1815 CE

Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England. Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes). Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeat Napoleon.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.source
  • February 17 – The Spanish reconquest of Spanish America begins.source
  • February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.source
  • March 2–18 – Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.source
  • March 16 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands.source
  • June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declares independence from the French Empire.source
  • June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, nominally rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).source
  • August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."source
  • September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.source
  • November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands.source
  • November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.source
  • The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands.source
  • The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).source
  • January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.source
  • January 15 – War of 1812: Capture of USS President – American frigate , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.source
  • February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.source
  • March 1 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.source
  • March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.source
  • March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.source
  • April 21 – In India, the eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.source
  • April 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state, temporarily achieving the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising.source
  • May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.source
  • June 18 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo – Allied forces led by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively, and this time permanently, defeat Napoleon.source
  • June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme, on its way to Paris.source
  • Battle of Ligny – Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.source
  • Battle of Quatre Bras – Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.source
  • July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.source
  • August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Andrew Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199source
  • November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.source
  • October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.source

Economy & Finance

  • February 3 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to John Stevens.source

Science & Discovery

  • October 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.source
  • November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention, the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp),source
  • Wisden Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in England from this year.source

Crime & Justice

  • March 13 – Participants at the Congress of Vienna declare Napoleon an outlaw following his escape from Elbasource
  • December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near the Jardin du Luxembourg.source
  • In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.source

Disasters & Accidents

  • May 30 – The Arniston, an East Indiaman ship repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa, with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.source

Climate & Environment

  • April 10– Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during its peak eruption, killing more than 92,000 people during week of activity from April 5 to April 12. The blast propels thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the stratosphere, and the high level gases reflect sunlight, causing widespread cooling from a volcanic winter. During 1816, heavy rains fall arounde the world, snow falls in June and July in the Northern Hemisphere, crops fail and widespread famine occurs. In later years, 1816 will become known as the Year Without a Summer.source
  • September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.source
  • October 23 – A 6.8 earthquake shakes northern China causing many houses and caves to collapse, killing at least 13,000 people.source

Culture & Society

  • January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England.source
  • March 1 – Georgetown University's congressional charter is signed into law, by President James Madison.source
  • June 15 – The Duchess of Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, "the most famous ball in history".source
  • December 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published, anonymously in London, dated 1816.source
  • December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston.source

Births

  • January 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872)source
  • January 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d. 1848)source
  • February 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874)source
  • March 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886)source
  • March 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)source
  • April 24 – Anthony Trollope, English novelist (d. 1882)source
  • May 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian Federation (d. 1896)source
  • August 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial governor (d. 1901)source
  • August 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator (d. 1888)source
  • November 2 – George Boole, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1864)source
  • November 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (d. 1902)source
  • December 10 – Ada Lovelace, English computer pioneer, daughter of Lord Byron (d. 1852)source
  • December 13 – Pálné Veres, Hungarian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1895)source
  • December 31 – George Meade, American general (d. 1872)source

Deaths

  • January 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1778)source
  • January 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, politically active British courtesan, lover of Horatio Nelson (b. 1765)source
  • February 22 – Smithson Tennant, English chemist, discovered the elements iridium and osmium (b. 1761)source
  • February 26 – Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Austrian general (b. 1737)source
  • March 5 – Franz Mesmer, German developer of animal magnetism (b. 1734)source
  • June 16 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noble, general (killed in battle) (b. 1771)source
  • June 26 – William Howe De Lancey, British quartermaster-general (mortally wounded at Waterloo) (b. 1778)source
  • July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).source
  • August 25 – Stephen Badlam, American artisan and military officer (b. 1751)source
  • September 9 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (b. 1738)source
  • December 3 – John Carroll, first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b. 1735)source
  • December 8 – Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, English Methodist preacher and philanthropist (b. 1739)source
  • December 22 – José María Morelos, leader of Mexican War of Independence, executed (b. 1765)source
  • December 29 – Saartjie Baartman, South African sideshow performersource