Directory

1645 CE

Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow). Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues a queue order ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus. The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • February 15 – English Civil War: The New Model Army is officially founded.source
  • April 3 – The House of Lords passes the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.source
  • August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 14 – English Civil War: Thomas Fairfax is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentarians.source
  • January 29 – English Civil War: Armistice talks open at Uxbridge.source
  • February 2 – Battle of Inverlochy: The Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.source
  • February 28 – English Civil War: The Uxbridge armistice talks fail.source
  • March 4 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert leaves Oxford for Bristol.source
  • March 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Jankau: The armies of Sweden decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague.source
  • April 23 (St George's Day) – English Civil War: One hundred and fifty Irish soldiers bound for service with King Charles I of England are captured at sea by Parliamentarians and killed at Pembroke in Wales.source
  • May 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Herbsthausen (or Mergentheim): The Bavarian army, led by Franz von Mercy, catches French forces led by Marshal Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne unawares, and heavily defeats them.source
  • May 9 – Battle of Auldearn: Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.source
  • June 1 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert's army sacks Leicester.source
  • June 10 – English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry.source
  • June 14 – English Civil War – Battle of Naseby: 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers.source
  • June 28 – English Civil War: The Royalists lose Carlisle.source
  • July 2 – English Civil War: Battle of Alford – Alford, Aberdeenshire.source
  • July 10 – English Civil War: Battle of Langport – Cromwell wins in Somerset.source
  • July 30 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters under Lord Leven begin the Siege of Hereford, a Royalist stronghold.source
  • September 1 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters abandon the Siege of Hereford and retreat northwardssource
  • September 10 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol.source
  • September 13 – Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms: Battle of Philiphaugh – The Covenanters under Sir David Leslie defeat the Royalists under Montrose near Selkirk in the Scottish Borders, restoring the power of the Committee of Estates. After the battle, prisoners and 300 camp followers (many of them women and children) are slaughtered by Covenanters in cold blood.source
  • September 24 – English Civil War: Battle of Rowton Heath – Parliamentarians defeat the Royalist cavalry.source
  • October 8–14 – English Civil War: The Third siege of Basing House by Oliver Cromwell results in its destruction.source
  • October 11 – English Civil War: Re-fortification of Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire against a threatened Royalist attack begins.source
  • December 18 – English Civil War: The Royalist stronghold of Hereford is seized in a swift attack by Parliamentary forces under John Birch.source
  • Bamana forces from Ségou invade the Mali heartland, destroying the Mali Empire after its 400 years as a unified state.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • The Stolberg-Wernigerode branch of the family of the counts of Stolberg and Wernigerode is founded in Germany.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 3 – The Long Parliament adopts the Directory for Public Worship in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, replacing the Book of Common Prayer (1559). Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed.source
  • January 10 – Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud is executed for treason on Tower Hill, London.source
  • November 20 – The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia.source

Health & Medicine

  • March 31 – Fearing the spread of the Black Death (plague), Edinburgh Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals.source
  • April 10 – Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).source
  • July 21 – Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues a queue order ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus.source
  • October 8 – Jeanne Mance founds the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the first hospital in North America.source

Crime & Justice

  • Wallpaper begins to replace tapestries, as a wall decoration.source

Climate & Environment

  • The Solar cycle enters the 70-year Maunder Minimum, during which sunspots will be rare.source

Culture & Society

  • July 23 – Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia comes to the throne.source
  • The Roxbury Latin School is founded.source

Births

  • January 28 – Gottfried Vopelius, German academic (d. 1715)source
  • February 16 – John Sharp, English Archbishop of York (d. 1714)source
  • March – Alexander Chalmers Polish-Scottish merchant, jurist, and politician, mayor of Old Warsaw (d. 1703)source
  • May 15 – George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, British judge (d. 1689)source
  • June 15 – Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician (d. 1712)source
  • July 28 – Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1721)source
  • August 10 – Eusebio Kino, Italian Catholic missionary (d. 1711)source
  • August 14 – Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexican academic (d. 1700)source
  • September 10 – Romeyn de Hooghe, Dutch Golden Age painter, engraver, and sculptor (d. 1708)source
  • September 21 – Louis Jolliet, French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America (d. 1700)source
  • September 25 – Naitō Kiyokazu, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Takatō Domain (d. 1714)source
  • October 21 – Christine Charlotte of Württemberg, Regent of East Frisia (d. 1699)source
  • November 30 – Andreas Werckmeister, German organist, music theorist, and composer (d. 1706)source
  • December 14 – Jacob de Wilde, Dutch civil servant, art collector (d. 1721)source

Deaths

  • January 11 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (b. 1597)source
  • January 30 – Mary Ward, English Roman Catholic Religious Sister and Venerable (b. 1585)source
  • January 31 – Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve, illegitimate son of King Christian IV of Denmark and his mistress (b. 1615)source
  • February 24 – Philip VII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1638–1645) (b. 1613)source
  • April 17 – Daniel Featley, English theologian and controversialist (b. 1582)source
  • April 29 – Maximilian of Liechtenstein, Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (b. 1578)source
  • May 26 – Mariana de Jesús de Paredes, Ecuadorian Roman Catholic hermit and saint (b. 1618)source
  • June 13 – Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese swordsman (b. c. 1584)source
  • July 17 – Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, Scottish politician (b. c. 1590)source
  • July 22 – Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (b. 1587)source
  • August 6 – Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, English merchant (b. 1575)source
  • September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (b. 1580)source
  • September 16 – John Macias, Spanish Dominican friar and saint (b. 1585)source
  • December 17 – Nur Jahan, empress consort of the Mughal Empire (b. 1577)source