Directory

1460 CE

Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London. The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19. The siege of Trebizond, the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, is started by the Ottoman Empire. Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark, the various nobles of the Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein agree to the Treaty of Ribe, electing King Christian as the new Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein, and placing both political entities under Denmark's control.source
  • July 30 – King Henry VI summons the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on October 7.source
  • October 7 – The 22nd parliament of Henry VI is opened, and the House of Commons elects John Green as its speaker.source
  • October 10 – Richard, Duke of York enters the Council Chamber, places his hand upon the throne, and announces that he is the rightful King of England. He then takes up residence at the royal palace.source
  • October 25 – The Act of Accord, passed by the Parliament of England, is given royal assent by King Henry VI as a compromise to end the War of the Roses between King Henry's supporters (the Lancastrians) and the supporters of Richard of York (the Yorkists). Under the law, King Henry is permitted to rule England for the rest of his life, but his son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales is removed from the right of succession and Richard of York and his descendants are granted the right to rule upon King Henry's death.source
  • November 7 – King James II of Cyprus orders his chief minister, George Boustronios, to travel to Larnaca, and to round up "both the serfs and emancipated peasants, both mounted and on foot", to be delivered to the King at Nicosia to be drafted into the King's army, with the promise of benefits to the peasants and emancipation to the serfs.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 15 – At the Battle of Sandwich in England, Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent, and capture the royal fleet.source
  • March 21 – After having control of Malbork Castle, the Polish Army begins a siege against the Prussian town of Marienburg.source
  • May 30 – Demetrios Palaiologos, the ruler of the Byzantine despotate of Morea in southern Greece surrenders the capital, Mystras,to the Ottomans. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed II grants some islands in the Aegean Sea to Palaiologos, and he lives for several years in relative comfort.source
  • June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London.source
  • July 2 – The city of London opens its gates to the Yorkist invaders and puts up no resistance to their occupation.source
  • July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.source
  • July 5 – The town of Marienburg is captured by the Polish army after a four-month siege that had been started by General Proandota Lubieszowski, who had died during the fighting.source
  • July 10 – Wars of the Roses – King Henry VI of England is captured as prisoner of war after his army is defeated at the Battle of Northampton by the earls of Warwick and March. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.source
  • September 14 – The siege of Trebizond, the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, is started by the Ottoman Empire. Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.source
  • December 2 – In Spain, the popular Prince Carlos de Viana, heir to the throne of Navarre, is arrested at Lleida and jailed in Morella by order of his father, King Juan II, leading to an uprising in Catalonia. King Juan eventually yields and frees Prince Carlos two months later on February 25.source
  • December 30 – Wars of the Roses – Richard of York, set to be the next King of England, is killed along with his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, at the Battle of Wakefield as a Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decisively defeats the Yorkists. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction and the heir to the English throne.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 14 – After gaining a consensus at the Council of Mantua, Pope Pius II formally declares a Christian crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire to recapture Constantinople, which had been captured by the Ottomans in 1453.source
  • June 3 – Pope Pius II re-imposes a 1454 ban against trade with the Prussian Confederation, and extends it to include a ban against trading with the Kingdom of Poland, after the Prussian states and Poland refuse to join in the proposed crusade against the Ottoman Empire.source
  • August 8 – Sigismund, the Duke of Austria, is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius II and has his domains placed under an interdict.source
  • A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.source

Crime & Justice

  • Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi.source

Climate & Environment

  • A famine breaks out in the Deccan Plateau of India.source

Culture & Society

  • April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.source

Births

  • May 8 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)source
  • June 1 – Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466–1491) (d. 1491)source
  • September 29 – Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (d. 1525)source
  • Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (d. 1531)source
  • Antoine Brumel, Flemish composer (d. 1515)source
  • Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, English nobleman (d. 1526)source
  • Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d. 1530)source
  • Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (d. 1539)source
  • Arnolt Schlick, German organist and composer (d. after 1521)source
  • Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden (d. 1512)source
  • Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador (d. 1527)source
  • Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, English nobleman (d. 1532)source
  • Gwerful Mechain, Welsh erotic poet (d. 1502)source
  • Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (d. 1540)source

Deaths

  • February 29 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1401)source
  • February 29 – Johann IV and his brother Sigismund of the House of Wittelsbach become the joint rulers of "Bavaria-Munich", one of several smaller states that had been fragmented from the original Duchy of Bavaria, upon the death of their father, Albrecht III the Pious. Albrecht III's third son, Albrecht IV, will reunite Bavaria-Munich with the other states (Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Straubing) into a single Duchy of Bavaria in 1503.source
  • July 10 – John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (b. c. 1413)source
  • July 10 – Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (b. 1422)source
  • July 10 – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)source
  • July 19 – Lord Scales, English commander (b. 1397)source
  • August 3 – King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)source
  • September 20 – Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer (b. c. 1400)source
  • September 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (b. 1408)source
  • November 13 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (b. 1394)source
  • December 14 – Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (b. 1370)source
  • December 30 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (in battle) (b. 1411)source
  • December 30 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (b. 1443)source
  • December 31 – Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed) (b. 1400)source