Directory

425 BCE

Callicrates starts to build the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens (approximate date). Between 410 and 407 BC the temple is surrounded by a parapet. Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid king of Persia, is succeeded by his son Xerxes II. Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. Meanwhile, a Spartan army, commanded by Brasidas, lands on the nearby island of Sphacteria, but is repulsed by the Athenians. An Athenian fleet summoned by Demosthenes bottles up the Spartan navy in Navarino Bay.

Conflict & Security

  • Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid king of Persia, is succeeded by his son Xerxes II.source
  • Demosthenes captures and fortifies the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus, giving Athens a strong base close to Sparta. Meanwhile, a Spartan army, commanded by Brasidas, lands on the nearby island of Sphacteria, but is repulsed by the Athenians. An Athenian fleet summoned by Demosthenes bottles up the Spartan navy in Navarino Bay.source
  • Cleon joins Demosthenes in the invasion by Athenian troops of Sphacteria. The resulting Battle of Pylos results in an Athenian victory leading to the surrender of many of the Spartan troops. Pylos remains in Athenian hands, and is used as a base for raids into Spartan territory and as a refuge for fleeing Spartan helots.source
  • Following the failure of peace negotiations between Athens and Sparta, a number of Spartans stranded on the island of Sphacteria after the Battle of Pylos are attacked by an Athenian force under Cleon and Demosthenes. The resulting Battle of Sphacteria leads to a further victory by the Athenians over the Spartans. The Spartans sue for peace, but the Athenian leader Cleon persuades Athens to refuse.source
  • Zhou wei lie wang becomes king of the Zhou dynasty of China.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • What some historians call the Rich style begins in Greece.source

Religion & Belief

  • Callicrates starts to build the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens (approximate date). Between 410 and 407 BC the temple is surrounded by a parapet.source

Crime & Justice

  • Aristophanes produces the comedy, Archanians.source
  • Euripides' play Hecuba is performed.source

Culture & Society

  • Aristophanes' play The Acharnians is performed. Produced by Callistratus, it wins Aristophanes a first prize at the Lenaea.source

Births

  • Artaxerxes III, king of the Persian Empire (approximate date)source

Deaths

  • Artaxerxes I, king of the Persian Empiresource
  • Herodotus of Halicarnassos, Dorian Greek historian (b. 484 BC)source